How to Become a Plumber

Quick Answer: Becoming a licensed journeyman plumber takes 4-5 years through an apprenticeship (8,000 hours). Training costs range from $0 (paid apprenticeship) to $3,000-$8,000 (trade school). Plumbers earn $37,000-$92,000 annually depending on experience, with a median salary of $61,550. The field has 48,600 job openings each year.

What does a Plumber do?

Plumbers assemble, install, and repair the pipe systems that carry water, steam, air, and gas through residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. They keep clean water flowing in and wastewater flowing out - work that’s essential to public health and modern living.

Daily Responsibilities

• Install and repair water supply lines, drainage systems, and gas piping
• Read blueprints and building codes to plan pipe layouts
• Cut, thread, and bend pipes using hand and power tools
• Test systems for leaks using pressure gauges
• Install fixtures like sinks, toilets, water heaters, and dishwashers
• Diagnose problems and troubleshoot system failures
• Communicate with customers and contractors about project needs

Work Environments

• Residential – Homes, apartments, and condos (new construction and repairs)
• Commercial – Office buildings, hospitals, schools, and restaurants
• Industrial – Factories, power plants, and manufacturing facilities
• Specialty niches – Medical gas systems, fire sprinklers, or green plumbing

Physical and Mental Demands

Plumbing is physically demanding work. You’ll spend time crawling in tight spaces, lifting heavy pipes and fixtures, and working in awkward positions. The job requires standing for long periods and sometimes working in extreme temperatures.

Mentally, plumbers must read complex blueprints, calculate pipe angles and water pressure, and solve problems on the fly. Strong spatial reasoning helps you visualize how systems connect behind walls and underground.

Personality traits that fit

• Problem-solver – Every job presents unique challenges
• Detail-oriented – Small mistakes cause big leaks
• Physically capable – Comfortable with manual labor
• Customer-focused – You’ll work directly with homeowners and building managers
• Self-motivated – Many plumbers work independently

Plumber license types

Licensing requirements vary by state, but most follow a similar structure. Here’s a typical license hierarchy:

Note: Some states don’t require licenses for all plumbers. Others require licenses at the local level. Always check your state’s specific requirements.

Step-by-step path to becoming a Plumber

Step 1: meet basic requirements

Before starting your plumbing career, you’ll need:

• Age: At least 18 years old (16-17 for some pre-apprenticeship programs)
• Education: High school diploma or GED
• Driver’s license: Required for most positions
• Physical ability: Can lift 50+ pounds, work in confined spaces
• Background check: Required in most states (felonies may limit licensing - see FAQ)

Helpful high school courses include math, physics, shop class, and mechanical drawing.

Step 2: choose your training path

Path A: Apprenticeship (Most Common)

The traditional route combines paid on-the-job training with classroom instruction.

How to find programs:

• Union apprenticeships (United Association locals)
• Non-union contractor programs
• State-registered apprenticeship programs
• Joint Apprenticeship Training Committees (JATCs)

What to expect:

• 4-5 years (8,000 hours minimum)
• Earn 40-50% of journeyman wages to start, increasing each year
• 144+ hours of classroom instruction annually
• Learn residential, commercial, and industrial systems

Pros: Earn while you learn, no student debt, direct path to licensure

Path B: trade school + apprenticeship

Trade school provides foundational training before or alongside an apprenticeship.

Program details:

• Duration: 6-12 months
• Cost: $3,000-$8,000
• Covers: Pipefitting, soldering, blueprint reading, codes, plumbing math

Benefits:

• May reduce apprenticeship time (some states credit trade school hours)
• Makes you a stronger apprenticeship candidate
• Provides backup if apprenticeship openings are competitive

Path C: career changer route

Switching to plumbing from another field? You may have advantages:

• Related experience credit: Construction, HVAC, or pipefitting experience may count toward apprenticeship hours
• Accelerated programs: Some programs are designed for adults with work experience
• Age is not a barrier: Many successful plumbers start in their 30s or 40s

Step 3: complete required training

Apprenticeship training covers:

Classroom instruction (576+ hours total):

• Plumbing codes and regulations
• Blueprint reading and drafting
• Mathematics for pipe layout
• Safety procedures
• Green plumbing and water conservation

On-the-job training (8,000 hours):

• Pipe cutting, threading, and joining
• Fixture installation
• System testing and troubleshooting
• Working with different materials (copper, PVC, PEX, cast iron)
• Residential and commercial applications

Progression milestones:

• Year 1: Basic installations, tool handling, safety
• Year 2: Fixture setting, drain systems
• Year 3: Water heaters, gas piping, complex repairs
• Year 4: System design, code compliance, exam preparation

Step 4: pass the licensing exam

Most states require a journeyman plumber exam after completing your apprenticeship.

Exam details (vary by state):

• Format: Multiple choice, 80-150 questions
• Content: Plumbing code, installation methods, safety, trade math
• Duration: 2-4 hours
• Cost: $50-$200
• Pass rate: Typically 60-75%

How to prepare:

• Study your state’s plumbing code thoroughly
• Take practice exams
• Review apprenticeship materials
• Consider exam prep courses

Step 5: obtain your license

After passing your exam:

1. Submit license application to state board
2. Provide proof of training hours and exam passage
3. Pay license fee ($50-$300)
4. Receive your license (processing: 2-6 weeks)

Required documentation typically includes:

• Completed application form
• Proof of apprenticeship completion
• Exam score report
• Background check authorization
• Application fee

Step 6: maintain your license

Plumbing licenses require regular renewal:

• Renewal period: Annual or biennial (varies by state)
• Continuing education: 4-16 hours per renewal period
• Renewal fee: $50-$150

Continuing education keeps you current on code changes, new materials, and industry best practices.

Training Programs

Apprenticeship Programs

Union and non-union apprenticeships are available nationwide. Contact your local United Association (UA) chapter or state apprenticeship office to find registered programs.

Example: United Association Local 68 in Houston, TX offers a 4-year (8,000-hour) apprenticeship starting at 40% of journeyman wages.

Trade school programs

Plumbing technology certificate programs provide foundational training. Programs typically include:

• Pipefitting and pipe joining techniques
• Blueprint reading
• Plumbing code requirements
• Water supply and drainage systems
• Safety and tool use

Cost Breakdown

How to pay for training

• Apprenticeship earnings: Start at 40-50% of journeyman wages (roughly $15-$20/hour) and increase each year
• Financial aid: Federal grants and loans available for accredited trade schools
• Veterans benefits: GI Bill covers many apprenticeship and trade school programs
• Employer sponsorship: Some plumbing companies pay for training in exchange for a work commitment
• State programs: Many states offer workforce training grants

Salary and Job Outlook

Salary by Experience Level

According to BLS data, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters earn:

The mean (average) annual wage is $67,705, reflecting higher earnings for commercial and industrial specialists.

Top-paying states

Note: Higher wages often correlate with higher cost of living. Union membership also significantly affects pay rates.

Additional earnings opportunities

• Overtime: Emergency calls, weekends, and project deadlines often pay 1.5x-2x regular rates
• On-call premiums: Extra pay for being available after hours
• Self-employment: Master plumbers running their own businesses can earn $100,000+
• Specialization: Medical gas, fire suppression, and industrial plumbers often earn top wages

Job Outlook (2022-2032)

• Growth rate: 2% (slower than average)
• Current employment: 615,500 nationwide
• Annual job openings: 48,600

While growth is slower than average, strong demand continues due to:

• Retirements creating openings
• Aging infrastructure needing replacement
• New construction requiring plumbing systems
• Building code updates requiring licensed professionals

Career Advancement

Typical progression:

Apprentice → Journeyman Plumber → Master Plumber → Contractor/Business Owner

Valuable Specializations

• Medical gas systems – Hospitals and healthcare facilities
• Fire sprinkler systems – Commercial and residential fire protection
• Green/sustainable plumbing – Water-efficient systems
• Industrial piping – Factories and processing plants
• Estimating/Project management – Office-based career path

Certifications that increase pay

• Backflow prevention certification – Required for cross-connection control
• Medical gas installer certification – For healthcare facility work
• OSHA 30-hour construction – Safety leadership credential
• Green Plumber certification – Sustainable plumbing specialist

Pros and Challenges

Advantages

• Strong earning potential – Median salary above $60,000 with path to $90,000+
• Earn while you learn – Paid apprenticeships mean no student debt
• Job security – Plumbing can’t be outsourced; every building needs plumbers
• Variety – Different projects, locations, and challenges daily
• Independence – Many plumbers work autonomously or run their own businesses
• Respect – Skilled trade with clear expertise and credentials
• Flexibility – Opportunities in every city and state

Challenges

• Physical demands – Heavy lifting, tight spaces, awkward positions
• Uncomfortable conditions – Crawl spaces, attics, outdoor work in all weather
• Messy work – Exposure to sewage, standing water, and grime
• Emergency calls – Weekends and late-night service calls common
• Licensing requirements – Must pass exams and maintain credentials
• Injury risk – Cuts, burns, and strain injuries possible without proper precautions

Frequently asked questions

How long does it take to become a plumber?

Most plumbers complete a 4-5 year apprenticeship (8,000 hours) before becoming licensed journeymen. Trade school can provide foundational skills in 6-12 months but typically doesn’t replace apprenticeship requirements.

How much does it cost to become a plumber?

Through an apprenticeship, total out-of-pocket costs are typically $800-$2,500 for tools, books, and licensing fees - and you earn wages throughout training. Trade school adds $3,000-$8,000 in tuition.

What is the fastest way to become a plumber?

Complete a trade school program (6-12 months) while applying for apprenticeships. Some states credit trade school hours toward apprenticeship requirements, potentially shortening your timeline by 6-12 months.

Can I become a plumber without going to trade school?

Yes. Most plumbers enter through apprenticeships, which don’t require prior trade school. Trade school is optional but can make you a more competitive apprenticeship candidate.

Do plumbers make good money?

Yes. The median plumber salary is $61,550, with experienced plumbers earning $73,000-$92,000. Master plumbers and business owners often earn over $100,000.

Is plumbing a good career?

Plumbing offers above-average pay, strong job security, and clear advancement paths. It’s a good fit if you enjoy hands-on problem-solving and want to earn while you train.

Is it hard to become a plumber?

The work is physically demanding, and the apprenticeship requires commitment (4-5 years). However, the path is straightforward: complete training, pass the exam, get licensed. No college degree required.

How much do plumber apprentices make?

Apprentices typically start at 40-50% of journeyman wages - roughly $15-$20 per hour depending on location. Pay increases each year, reaching 90-95% by the final year.

What’s the difference between a journeyman and master plumber?

Journeyman plumbers can work independently on most projects. Master plumbers can supervise journeymen, pull permits, and handle more complex work. Master status typically requires 4+ additional years of experience after earning journeyman status.

Can I become a plumber with a criminal record?

It depends on the offense and your state. Many states allow licensing with a criminal record, though certain felonies may be disqualifying. Contact your state licensing board for specific guidance.

Am I too old to become a plumber?

No. Many people enter plumbing in their 30s and 40s. Your previous work experience may help you advance faster, and the career can last until retirement age for those who maintain physical fitness.

What skills do I need to become a plumber?

Key skills include mechanical aptitude, math ability (fractions, measurements, angles), problem-solving, physical stamina, attention to detail, and good communication for working with customers.

How to get started today

1. Research your state’s requirements – Visit your state plumbing board website to understand licensing requirements
2. Contact local unions – Reach out to United Association locals in your area about apprenticeship openings
3. Explore trade schools – Compare local programs for cost, duration, and job placement rates
4. Build foundational skills – Take math refresher courses if needed; practice with basic hand tools
5. Apply to programs – Submit applications to multiple apprenticeships and trade schools to maximize your options

Plumber Salary by State

Top earners include master plumbers, supervisors, and contractors specializing in commercial or industrial systems.

Licensing Resources

Licensing requirements vary by state. Here are resources to find your state’s specific requirements:

National resources:

• Bureau of Labor Statistics: bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/plumbers-pipefitters-and-steamfitters.htm
• United Association (UA): ua.org – Union apprenticeship information
• Apprenticeship.gov: apprenticeship.gov – Find registered apprenticeship programs

State licensing boards: Search “[Your State] plumbing license” to find your state’s licensing board and specific requirements.

Start your plumbing training today

Ready to begin your plumbing career? Explore accredited trade school programs and apprenticeship opportunities in your area: