How to Become a Cosmetologist

Quick Answer: Becoming a licensed cosmetologist takes 9 months to 2 years through cosmetology school, or 2-3 years through an apprenticeship (available in some states). Training costs range from $5,000 to $20,000 for cosmetology school. Cosmetologists earn $20,040-$50,100 annually depending on experience and location, with a median salary of $33,400. Tips can add 15-25% on top of base pay. The field has 80,500 job openings each year and is growing at 8% - faster than average for all occupations.

What does a Cosmetologist do?

Cosmetologists are licensed beauty professionals who provide a wide range of personal care services focused on hair, skin, and nails. They help clients look and feel their best through cutting, coloring, styling, skincare treatments, nail services, and more. Cosmetologists work in salons, spas, and a variety of other settings where personal appearance services are in demand.

Unlike specialists who focus on a single area (such as estheticians or nail technicians), cosmetologists are trained in the full spectrum of beauty services. This broad training gives them flexibility to offer multiple service types and adapt to different work environments throughout their careers.

Daily Responsibilities

• Cut, trim, and style hair for clients of all ages and hair types
• Perform hair coloring services including highlights, balayage, single-process color, and color correction
• Apply chemical treatments such as perms, relaxers, and keratin smoothing treatments
• Provide skincare services including facials, waxing, and makeup application
• Perform manicures and pedicures, including gel and acrylic nail applications
• Consult with clients about their desired look, hair health, and maintenance routines
• Recommend and sell professional hair care, skincare, and styling products
• Sanitize and sterilize tools and work stations according to state board regulations
• Stay current on trends, techniques, and new products in the beauty industry
• Manage appointment scheduling and build a loyal client base

Work Environments

• Hair Salons - The most common work setting, ranging from budget chains to high-end boutique salons
• Day Spas and Resort Spas - Full-service facilities offering hair, skin, nail, and body treatments
• Freelance and Bridal - Working independently for weddings, special events, and on-location styling
• Film, Television, and Theater - Providing hair, makeup, and styling for performers and productions
• Education - Teaching at cosmetology schools after obtaining an instructor license
• Product Companies - Working as brand educators, platform artists, or sales representatives for beauty brands
• Cruise Ships and Hotels - Providing salon services in hospitality settings
• Home-Based or Mobile - Operating a private salon suite or traveling to clients (where state law permits)

Physical and Mental Demands

Cosmetology is physically demanding work. You will spend most of your day standing, often for 8-10 hours with limited breaks. The work requires constant use of your hands and arms for cutting, styling, and applying treatments, which can lead to repetitive strain over time. You will be exposed to chemical products including hair dyes, bleach, permanent wave solutions, and nail acrylics, making proper ventilation and protective equipment important.

Mentally, cosmetologists need a strong understanding of color theory, facial shapes, hair structure, and chemistry to deliver consistent results. You must be able to listen carefully to what clients want, interpret vague descriptions, and manage expectations when a requested style may not suit a client’s hair type or face shape. Building and maintaining a client book requires sales skills, emotional intelligence, and the ability to create a welcoming experience that keeps people coming back.

Personality traits that fit

• Creative and artistic - Cosmetology is a hands-on art form that rewards people who enjoy visual design and self-expression
• People-oriented - You will spend your entire day interacting with clients one-on-one
• Detail-oriented - Precision matters when cutting hair, blending color, or shaping nails
• Good listener - Understanding what a client wants (and sometimes what they don’t know how to articulate) is essential
• Physically resilient - Comfortable standing for long periods and working with your hands all day
• Entrepreneurial - Many cosmetologists eventually run their own business or rent a booth
• Trend-aware - Staying current on styles, techniques, and products keeps you competitive
• Patient - Some services take hours to complete and require steady, focused work

Cosmetology license and certification types

All 50 states require cosmetologists to hold a valid state license before working with the public. Licensing requirements vary by state, but the general framework is consistent. Here is the credential hierarchy:

Note: Unlike some trades, cosmetology has no single national license. You must be licensed in the specific state where you work. Some states have reciprocity agreements that simplify transferring your license, while others require additional exams or training hours. Always check your state board of cosmetology for exact requirements before enrolling in a program.

State Training Hour Requirements

The number of training hours required to sit for the cosmetology licensing exam varies significantly by state:

Step-by-step path to becoming a Cosmetologist

Step 1: meet basic requirements

Before enrolling in a cosmetology program, you will need:

• Age: At least 16 years old in most states (some states require 17 or 18)
• Education: At least a 10th-grade education in most states; some require a high school diploma or GED
• Health: No communicable diseases that would affect your ability to provide personal care services
• Background: Some states check backgrounds as part of the licensing process

Helpful preparation includes art classes, chemistry, anatomy, and any experience with hair or beauty - even informal practice on friends and family builds foundational skills.

Step 2: choose your training path

Path A: cosmetology school (most common)

Cosmetology school is the most popular route and provides structured education that meets state licensing requirements.

Program details:

• Duration: 9-18 months (full-time) or up to 24 months (part-time)
• Cost: $5,000-$20,000 depending on the school, location, and program length
• Covers: Hair cutting, coloring, chemical services, skincare, nail care, salon management, state board exam preparation
• Hours: 1,000-2,300 clock hours depending on your state

Benefits:

• Structured curriculum designed to prepare you for the state licensing exam
• Hands-on practice with real clients in a student salon setting
• Exposure to a wide range of techniques and services
• Networking opportunities with instructors and fellow students
• Many schools offer job placement assistance. Individual outcomes vary.

Path B: apprenticeship (available in some states)

Some states allow you to complete your training through a state-registered apprenticeship under a licensed cosmetologist, rather than attending cosmetology school.

How to find programs:

• Contact your state board of cosmetology to confirm apprenticeships are permitted
• Reach out to established salon owners who are approved to take apprentices
• Check with your state labor department for registered programs

What to expect:

• 2-3 years of supervised on-the-job training
• Typically requires more total hours than cosmetology school (often 3,000-4,000 hours)
• You may earn a small wage or stipend while training
• Must still pass the same state licensing exam

Pros: Real-world salon experience from day one, potentially lower cost than school, mentorship from experienced professionals

Path C: career changer route

Switching to cosmetology from another career? Consider these factors:

• Age is not a barrier: Many successful cosmetologists start their training in their 30s, 40s, or later
• Part-time programs: Many cosmetology schools offer evening and weekend schedules for working adults
• Transferable skills: Customer service, retail, and management experience are valuable in the salon industry
• Related licenses: If you hold an esthetician or nail technician license, some states allow you to apply those hours toward a full cosmetology license
• Financial aid: Federal grants and loans are available for eligible students at accredited schools

Step 3: complete required training hours

Cosmetology programs are measured in clock hours, and your state determines how many you need. Programs cover a standardized curriculum that includes:

Core curriculum areas:

• Hair cutting and shaping techniques
• Hair coloring theory and application (permanent, semi-permanent, highlights, balayage)
• Chemical texture services (perms, relaxers, keratin treatments)
• Hair styling, updos, and braiding
• Skincare and facial treatments
• Makeup application
• Nail care (manicures, pedicures, artificial nails)
• Scalp treatments and hair loss basics
• Sanitation, sterilization, and infection control
• Salon business management and professional ethics
• State laws and regulations

Typical progression:

• Month 1-3: Safety, sanitation, basic hair cutting, shampoo services, roller sets, and foundational theory
• Month 3-6: Hair coloring fundamentals, chemical services, basic skincare, and nail services
• Month 6-9: Advanced cutting and coloring techniques, working with clients in the student salon
• Month 9-12+: State board exam preparation, speed drills, advanced styling, and salon management

Step 4: pass the state licensing exam

Every state requires you to pass a licensing exam administered or approved by the state board of cosmetology. The exam has two components:

Written (theory) exam:

• Format: Multiple choice, typically 100-150 questions
• Content: Sanitation and safety, hair structure and chemistry, coloring theory, skincare, nail care, and state laws
• Pass rate: Varies by state; adequate preparation through an approved program significantly increases your chances
• Many states use exams from national testing providers (PSI or Prometric)

Practical (hands-on) exam:

• Format: Timed demonstration of specific cosmetology services on a mannequin or live model
• Content: Typically includes a haircut, chemical service (permanent wave or relaxer), hair coloring application, roller set, finger wave, and sometimes nail or skincare services
• Duration: Usually 2-4 hours
• Scoring: Based on technique, safety practices, sanitation, and time management

How to prepare:

• Attend your school’s state board preparation sessions
• Practice timed practical exercises repeatedly until they feel automatic
• Take written practice exams to identify weak areas
• Study your state’s specific exam guide, which outlines exactly what will be tested
• Some schools hold “mock boards” that simulate the real exam environment

Step 5: get your state license

After passing both parts of the exam:

1. Submit your license application to your state board of cosmetology
2. Pay the licensing fee (typically $25-$150)
3. Provide proof of completed training hours from your approved school or apprenticeship
4. Submit any required documentation (exam scores, background check, identification)
5. Receive your cosmetology license - you can now legally practice

Step 6: start working

With your license in hand, you have several employment options:

• Salon employee (commission): Work for a salon and earn a percentage (typically 40-60%) of the revenue from your services. The salon provides the space, equipment, products, and client flow.
• Booth rental: Rent a station in an established salon for a fixed weekly or monthly fee ($100-$400+). You are self-employed, set your own prices, keep all revenue, and are responsible for your own products, taxes, and insurance.
• Salon suite: Rent a private, self-contained salon room. Similar to booth rental but with more privacy and independence. Monthly rents range from $200-$1,000+.
• Salon chain or franchise: Work for a national or regional chain (Great Clips, Supercuts, Sport Clips, etc.) as an employee with hourly pay or commission, benefits, and a steady client flow.
• Freelance: Work on-location for weddings, photo shoots, events, and editorial work. Requires building a portfolio and reputation.

Step 7: maintain your credentials

License maintenance:

• Renewal period: Every 1-2 years (varies by state)
• Continuing education: Many states require 4-16 hours of continuing education per renewal period, covering topics like sanitation updates, new techniques, and changes to state law
• Renewal fee: $25-$100 per renewal cycle
• Lapsed license: If you let your license expire, most states require you to pay a late fee and complete any missed continuing education. Extended lapses may require retaking the exam.

Training Programs

Cosmetology school programs

Cosmetology programs are available at private beauty schools, community colleges, and technical schools nationwide. When choosing a program, consider:

• Accreditation: Look for schools accredited by NACCAS (National Accrediting Commission of Career Arts and Sciences) - this is required for students to receive federal financial aid
• Pass rates: Ask about the school’s state board exam pass rate; strong programs have rates above 80%
• Hands-on training: Quality programs include extensive time in a student salon working with real clients (50-70% of program hours)
• Instructor qualifications: Experienced instructors who are active in the industry provide the most relevant training
• Job placement: Ask about job placement rates and salon partnerships
• Specialization options: Some programs offer elective tracks in advanced coloring, barbering, or esthetics
• Schedule flexibility: Many schools offer day, evening, and weekend options

Apprenticeship Programs

Apprenticeships are available in approximately 25-30 states. In states that permit them, apprenticeships typically require 3,000-4,000 hours of supervised training under a licensed cosmetologist. Contact your state board of cosmetology to determine if apprenticeships are an option in your state and what the specific requirements are.

Cost Breakdown

How to pay for training

• Federal financial aid: Pell Grants and federal student loans are available at NACCAS-accredited schools (complete the FAFSA)
• Scholarships: The Professional Beauty Association (PBA) and individual schools offer scholarships for cosmetology students
• Payment plans: Many cosmetology schools offer monthly installment plans
• Veterans benefits: GI Bill and other VA education benefits cover approved cosmetology programs
• State workforce programs: Some states offer grants for vocational training through workforce development agencies
• Employer sponsorship: Some salon chains offer tuition assistance or reimbursement programs
• Work during school: Part-time schedules allow you to earn income while completing your training

Salary and Job Outlook

Salary by Experience Level

According to BLS data, hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists earn:

The mean (average) annual wage is $36,740. It is important to note that BLS wage data does not fully capture tips, which are a significant part of cosmetologist income. Tips typically add 15-25% on top of base pay, meaning actual take-home earnings are often considerably higher than reported figures.

Highest-paying specializations

• Hair Colorist/Color Specialist: $45,000-$80,000+ (advanced color correction and balayage command premium pricing)
• Bridal and Editorial Stylist: $50,000-$100,000+ (high-end wedding and fashion work, especially in major markets)
• Salon Owner: $50,000-$150,000+ (revenue from your own services plus a percentage of employees’ or booth renters’ revenue)
• Platform Artist/Brand Educator: $60,000-$100,000+ (demonstrating techniques and products at shows and in salons for major brands)
• Film, Television, and Theater Stylist: $50,000-$120,000+ (union rates for production work, especially in Los Angeles and New York)
• Extension Specialist: $50,000-$90,000+ (high-ticket service with growing demand)

Additional earnings opportunities

• Tips: Clients typically tip 15-25% of the service price, adding substantially to base income
• Product sales and commission: Many salons pay 5-15% commission on retail product sales
• Freelance work: Weddings, proms, and special events provide additional income streams, especially on weekends
• Social media and content creation: Cosmetologists with a strong online presence can earn through brand partnerships, tutorials, and sponsored content
• Teaching: Licensed cosmetology instructors earn $30,000-$55,000 depending on location and school type
• Suite rental premium: Cosmetologists who rent their own suite and build a strong clientele can keep 100% of service revenue

Job Outlook (2022-2032)

• Growth rate: 8% (faster than average)
• Current employment: 682,400 nationwide
• Projected employment: 736,992 by 2032
• Annual job openings: 80,500

Strong demand is driven by:

• Population growth and the ongoing demand for personal grooming services
• Rising consumer spending on self-care and wellness
• Growth of social media increasing emphasis on personal appearance
• New service categories and techniques expanding what salons offer
• High turnover in the profession creating consistent openings for new cosmetologists
• Aging workforce creating replacement openings as experienced professionals retire
• Salon services cannot be outsourced or automated - every client requires a skilled professional in person

Career Advancement

Typical progression:

Salon Assistant / Shampoo Tech –> Junior Stylist –> Stylist –> Senior Stylist / Specialist –> Salon Manager / Owner

Valuable Specializations

• Hair color specialist - Advanced coloring techniques (balayage, color correction, vivid colors) command the highest per-service prices
• Bridal and event styling - Weddings and special occasions provide high-margin, seasonal income
• Hair extensions - A high-ticket service with growing demand; methods include tape-in, hand-tied, and micro-link
• Textured hair specialist - Expertise in natural hair, curly hair, and textured styling serves a large and underserved market
• Barbering crossover - Adding a barber license expands your client base to include men’s cuts and fades
• Trichology - Scalp and hair loss treatment is a growing niche with aging populations

Certifications and training that increase pay

• Advanced color certifications - Brands like Redken, Wella, and Goldwell offer certified colorist programs
• Hair extension certifications - Great Lengths, Bellami, and Hand Tied Extensions offer method-specific training
• Keratin treatment certifications - Brazilian Blowout, Cezanne, and others certify stylists in smoothing treatments
• Barbering license - Adds men’s cutting and shaving to your service menu
• Cosmetology instructor license - Opens the door to teaching at cosmetology schools
• Business and management training - Salon management courses prepare you for ownership

Pros and Challenges

Advantages

• Creative expression - Cosmetology is one of the few careers where artistic ability directly translates to professional success
• Flexible schedule - Many cosmetologists set their own hours, especially booth renters and suite owners
• Tips supplement base pay - Tips of 15-25% significantly increase actual earnings above reported BLS wages
• Social and rewarding - Helping people feel confident about their appearance is genuinely fulfilling
• Low barrier to entry - You can begin training at 16 in many states without a college degree
• Multiple career paths - Salon work, freelance, education, product development, media, and business ownership
• Recession resilience - While spending may shift, people consistently seek haircuts and grooming services
• Entrepreneurial opportunity - Booth rental and salon ownership let you build your own business
• Portable career - Your skills travel with you; cosmetologists can work in any state (with proper licensing)
• Growing demand - 8% job growth and 80,500 annual openings provide a strong employment outlook

Challenges

• Standing all day - Most cosmetologists are on their feet for 8-10 hours, which can lead to back, leg, and foot pain over time
• Chemical exposure - Regular contact with hair dye, bleach, perms, and nail products requires proper ventilation and protective measures
• Lower base pay - BLS median of $33,400 is lower than many other trades, though tips and product sales raise actual income
• Irregular income - Earnings can fluctuate based on client volume, seasons, and no-shows, especially for commission-based and self-employed cosmetologists
• Building a clientele takes time - New cosmetologists may have slow periods while establishing a client base
• Physical repetitive strain - Repetitive hand and wrist motions (cutting, blow-drying) can lead to carpal tunnel or tendinitis
• Emotional labor - Clients expect a positive, attentive experience every time, which can be draining
• Continuing education costs - Staying current with trends and techniques requires ongoing investment in classes and certifications
• State licensing complexity - Moving to a new state often means navigating different hour requirements and reciprocity rules

Frequently asked questions

How long does it take to become a cosmetologist?

Cosmetology school typically takes 9-18 months full-time, depending on your state’s required training hours (which range from 1,000 to 2,300). Part-time programs can take up to 24 months. Apprenticeships, where available, take 2-3 years. After completing training, you must also pass the state licensing exam before you can begin working.

How much does it cost to become a cosmetologist?

Cosmetology school tuition ranges from $5,000 to $20,000 depending on the school and location. Add $500-$2,000 for a cosmetology kit (tools, mannequins, and supplies), $200-$500 for textbooks, and $75-$350 for exam and licensing fees. Total costs typically range from $5,875 to $23,150. Financial aid, scholarships, and payment plans can reduce out-of-pocket expenses significantly.

What is the fastest way to become a cosmetologist?

Enroll full-time in a cosmetology program in a state with lower hour requirements. New York and Massachusetts require 1,000 hours, which can be completed in about 9-10 months of full-time study. Some schools offer accelerated schedules that allow you to complete your hours faster. However, moving quickly means less time to practice, so balance speed with readiness for the licensing exam.

Can I become a cosmetologist without going to cosmetology school?

In some states, yes. Approximately 25-30 states allow you to complete your training through a state-registered apprenticeship under a licensed cosmetologist instead of attending school. Apprenticeships typically require more total hours (3,000-4,000 versus 1,000-2,300 for school). You must still pass the same state licensing exam regardless of your training path.

Do cosmetologists make good money?

The BLS reports a median salary of $33,400, but this figure does not include tips, which typically add 15-25% to base income. Experienced cosmetologists with a full client book can earn $50,000-$70,000 or more when tips, product sales, and freelance work are included. Specialists in color, extensions, or bridal work can earn $80,000-$100,000+. Salon owners who build a successful business can earn $100,000-$150,000+.

Is cosmetology a good career?

Cosmetology is a strong career choice for people who are creative, enjoy working with people, and want flexibility in how and where they work. The field offers 8% job growth (faster than average), 80,500 annual openings, and multiple paths from salon work to freelancing to business ownership. The main considerations are the physical demands, the time it takes to build a client base, and the lower base pay compared to some other trades, offset by tips and entrepreneurial earning potential.

Is it hard to become a cosmetologist?

The training itself is manageable for most people with dedication. The curriculum covers a lot of ground - hair cutting, coloring, chemical services, skincare, nails, and business skills - so there is a meaningful learning curve. The state board exam requires precision and time management, and most students benefit from dedicated exam preparation. The harder part for many people is building a profitable client base after getting licensed, which takes persistence, marketing skills, and excellent customer service.

How much do cosmetology students earn during training?

Cosmetology students do not typically earn wages during their training, unlike trade apprentices in fields like HVAC or electrical. However, students in school-based programs work on real clients in the student salon, and some schools allow students to accept tips. Apprentices in states that allow cosmetology apprenticeships may earn a small hourly wage, often at or near minimum wage.

What certifications do cosmetologists need?

The only required credential is your state cosmetology license. There is no national cosmetology license. Beyond the state license, all additional certifications are voluntary but can significantly increase your earning potential. Popular optional certifications include advanced color certifications from brands like Redken or Wella, hair extension method certifications, keratin treatment certifications, and a cosmetology instructor license if you want to teach.

Can I transfer my cosmetology license to another state?

It depends on the states involved. Some states have reciprocity agreements that allow you to transfer your license by submitting an application and proof of your current license. Other states require you to pass their state exam, complete additional training hours, or both. If you are planning to move, contact the board of cosmetology in your destination state well in advance to understand the requirements.

Can I specialize in just one area, like hair coloring or skincare?

Within your cosmetology license, you can absolutely specialize your practice in a particular area - many of the highest-earning cosmetologists are known for a specific expertise like color or extensions. However, your cosmetology license authorizes you to perform all cosmetology services. If you only want to focus on skincare, nails, or another single area, some states offer standalone specialty licenses (esthetician, nail technician) that require fewer training hours.

Am I too old to become a cosmetologist?

No. Cosmetology schools regularly enroll students of all ages, and many successful cosmetologists start their training as a second or third career. Life experience, maturity, and customer service skills from previous careers can be significant advantages. The main consideration is the physical demands of the work, particularly standing for long hours and repetitive hand motions.

How to get started today

1. Check your state’s requirements - Contact your state board of cosmetology or visit their website to confirm the training hours, exam format, and licensing fees in your state
2. Research local cosmetology schools - Compare accredited programs based on pass rates, tuition, schedule options, and student reviews
3. Visit campuses - Tour schools, sit in on a class, and talk to current students about their experience
4. Apply for financial aid - Complete the FAFSA if you plan to attend an accredited school and explore scholarships through the Professional Beauty Association
5. Start building your skills - Practice basic styling on friends and family, follow professional stylists on social media, and begin learning about products and techniques

Cosmetologist Salary by State

Top cosmetologists specializing in color, bridal styling, and salon ownership earn the highest wages in the beauty industry, with major metropolitan areas offering the strongest earning potential.

Certification and training resources

National resources:

• Professional Beauty Association (PBA): probeauty.org - Industry association for salon professionals, with scholarships, advocacy, and education resources
• NACCAS (National Accrediting Commission of Career Arts and Sciences): naccas.org - Accrediting body for cosmetology schools; verify school accreditation before enrolling
• Bureau of Labor Statistics: bls.gov/ooh/personal-care-and-service/barbers-hairstylists-and-cosmetologists.htm
• Apprenticeship.gov: apprenticeship.gov - Find registered apprenticeship programs in states that offer cosmetology apprenticeships
• National Interstate Council of State Boards of Cosmetology (NIC): nictesting.org - Exam development and state board coordination

State licensing boards:

• Every state has a board of cosmetology (or equivalent licensing authority) that oversees cosmetology education standards, examinations, and license issuance. Search for “[your state] board of cosmetology” to find your state’s specific requirements, approved schools, and application forms.

Professional organizations:

• American Association of Cosmetology Schools (AACS): beautyschools.org - Resources for finding and evaluating cosmetology schools
• Cosmetologists Chicago: americasbeautyshow.com - One of the largest beauty trade shows in the country, offering continuing education and networking

Start your cosmetology training today

Ready to begin your cosmetology career? Most programs can have you licensed and working in under two years. Explore accredited cosmetology programs in your area: